Gout,as a first guess, try Ibuprofen 600mgs and that may well relieve the pain and swelling. Could be other things but gout seem to be the obvious starter.
If no improvement in the next 3 days, see you GP.
Thought I'd stumbled into a Dickens novel when I found out what they are.
Is your toe itchy but sore and hurts to the touch ? That's chilblains.
If your toe (especially around the joint) is red, shiny, hot and incredibly painful, that's more like gout.
you get all sorts - my chilblains aren't itchy, but fit the bill in other ways (and my doctor diagnosed them, and he used to work up in Scotland and saw lots of them in winter).
I think you'll find a slight majority of sore toes do not lead to heart attacks... and Tullia doesn't say whether hers did, or if it was a coincidence.