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Caran | 01:39 Wed 10th Nov 2021 | ChatterBank
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How did the word "dead" get to mean very?
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Common usage over time I expect, or possible a leap from meaning accurate - such as 'dead on time'.
this doesn't exactly explain it but says it dates from the 15th century

https://www.etymonline.com/word/deadbeat#etymonline_v_806
Never actually thought if it like that till you just mentioned it.
The OED suggests that it comes about by extension from terms such as 'dead asleep' or 'dead tired', where a comparison to death is actually being made.

The first definition of 'dead' as an adverb is given thus;
"In a manner, or to a degree, characteristic of or suggesting death; with extreme inactivity, stillness, etc.; utterly, profoundly, absolutely (as dead asleep, dead calm); to extremity, ‘to death’ (as dead run, dead tired)."

The dictionary then goes onto provide this second definition (based upon the first one):
"Hence more generally: Utterly, entirely, absolutely, quite. Esp. dead broke (see broke adj. 3a), dead certain, dead easy, dead frozen sure, dead level, dead right, dead sure. Now colloquial".

or cemeteries
they are always the dead centre of town

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In Scotland phrases such as 'Pure Dead Brilliant' are used.
And then we have 'dead reckoning' as used in navigation...How does that fit it I wonder?

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