I know such things are common but do not think there is a 'claim fund' though.
As far as I know , and i have worked in a carehome , the care homes insurance will have to sort it out.
Some patients are known to be dangerous and have a 'risk assesment' written for them. The care home I worked in had one lady who had to always have 2 care workers to attend to her, as she was known to bite anyone who upset her , and she was very easy to upset.