Read the first bit of the article. Since someone either makes a return call or not, it sounds to me as if the scam, if it exists, is a Vodafone scam. Only they can record and charge for calls made where none were.
I think the onus is on the company demanding money for what is claimed to be unmade calls to prove themselves. I've done nothing more than point out the obvious. The phone company alone own the call records from which they create the billing.
I fail to see how this scam can't be got on top of, I mean the money is paid into an account somewhere, it's not cash is it? The government and phone companies just can't be bothered.