I've seen it on some of my maples last year and on a rose bush this year, not sure what it is, I thought is was some sort of salt residue as I live near the coast, but it doesn't seem to do any harm.
Sounds like powdery mildew, we've had it really bad on our courgettes & several other plants around the garden this year. Just wash wash off as much as you can with a very mild washing up liquid & rinse well with rain water. Though unsightly, it does'nt do much harm & will be gone when winter comes.
Pick up & bin (not compost) any dropped leaves.
Thanks again for your good answers. We have had some powerful rain but it is still there but I am now assured that it is harmless and just an eyesore which I can live with.